✅ Geometric Modeling: The math behind curves (Bezier, B-Splines, NURBS) and surfaces. ✅ Transformations: 2D and 3D translations, rotations, and scaling matrices. ✅ CAD/CAM Integration: How design data translates into G-code and manufacturing instructions. ✅ Solid Modeling: Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Boundary Representation (B-Rep).